Excellent points Peter. But whiteness was still an ingrained bias (and I wonder if Nordic slaves were held as premium, but still regarded as subhumans). The African Slave trade ballooned around the fact that indigenous peoples of the Americas would wonder off or simply die rather than be kept as slaves. Plus, darker peoples could be more readily stigmatized as subhuman by pseudoscience and religion. Today most of the world is indentured (mostly as debt serfs to global banking.) African people are still more stigmatized today, adding far right politicians to list of their detractors. Besides as Florida Governor DeSactimious says: slavery was merely a job training program.